Understanding of the disease known as hydrophobia or rabies disease is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by rabies virus. Hydrophobia has a zoonotic nature of the disease can be transmitted from animals to humans. hydrophobia or rabies can be transmitted to humans through bites.
Origin of the word rabies is derived from the ancient Sanskrit language, namely rabhas which means doing violence / crime. In Greek, rabies is called Lyssa or Lytaa which means madness. In German, called rabies tollwut derived from the language Indojerman Dhvar which means destructive and wut that means angry. In French, rabies is called Rage robere derived from the noun which means to be crazy
Historically, hydrophobia or rabies has existed since thousands of years ago.
Written record of the dog's behavior suddenly became ferocious found in Mesopotamia Code written 4000 years ago and the Babylonian Code Eshunna written in 2300 BC. Democritus in 500 BC also write down the characteristic symptoms of rabies-like disease.
a man named Aristotle, in 400 BC, wrote at the Natural History of Animals 8 edition, chapter 22, as follows
".... mad dog. This causes them to become aggressive and bite all the animals who are also experiencing the same pain. "
those people who never mentioned the characteristics of rabies in the Hippocratic writings, Plutarch, Xenophon, Epimarcus, Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. Celsius, a doctor at the time of the Romans, associate hidrofobia (fear of water) with a dog bite, in the year 100 AD. Cardanus, a Roman author describes the nature of the infection is present in saliva dog with rabies. At that time the Roman writers describe rabies as a poison, which is the Latin word for the virus. Pliny and Ovid was the first to explain the causes other than rabies, which was then called the dog tongue worm (dog tongue worm). To prevent rabies at the time, the surface of the tongue are thought to contain "worm" cut. The presumption is to survive until the 19th century, when Louis Pasteur finally succeeded in demonstrating the spread of rabies by growing the infected brain tissue in 1885 Goldwasser and Kissling rabies found in a modern way of diagnosis in 1958, with techniques for finding antibodies imunofluoresens rabies antigen in tissues
Causes of Disease Mad Dogs or Rabies
Hydrophobia or rabies Rabies is caused by viruses that enter into the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Lysavirus. The main characteristic is the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses has only one thread that is not segmented RNA negative. The virus lives in some kind of animal that acts as an intermediary for transmission. Intermediary animal species vary in different geographical location. The animals are known to be a mediator of rabies include raccoons (Procyon lotor) and skunks (Memphitis memphitis) in North America, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Europe, and the dogs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Africa, Asia, and Latin America still has a high level of rabies infected animal intermediate hosts can be either other animals or humans through bites. Infection can also occur through an intermediary animal licks on broken skin. After infection, the virus will go through the nerves to the spinal cord and brain and replicate there. Furthermore, the virus will move back through the nerves to the non-neural tissues, such as salivary glands and into the saliva. Infected animals may have rabies savage / malignant or benign rabies / quiet. In the wild rabies / malignant, infected animals looked fierce, aggressive, biting and swallowing all sorts of goods, kept dripping saliva, nervous howling and then become paralyzed and die. In rabies benign / quiet, the animals are infected through local paralysis or total paralysis, like to hide in dark places, having seizures and difficulty breathing, and showed ferocity.
Although very rare, rabies also can menuliar through inhalation of contaminated air rabies virus. Two laboratory workers have confirmed this after they were exposed to air containing rabies virus. In 1950, reported two cases of rabies occur in cave explorers in Frio Cave, Texas who breathe the air where there are millions of bats live in that place. They allegedly contracted through the air because it was not found at all the signs of bat bites.
Symptoms of rabies or rabies
Symptoms of rabies usually begin to occur within 30-50 days after infection. The incubation period until the emergence of viral disease in dogs is 10-14 days but can reach 9 months in humans. When caused by dog ??bites, wounds that have a high risk of infection in the mucous covering, cut above the shoulder area (head, face, neck), injuries to the fingers or toes, genital sores, wounds are wide or deep, and wound many . While the wound with a low risk to the skin covering the wound licking, scratching or abrasions, and minor wound around the hand, body, and legs.
Symptoms will be experienced by someone who is infected with rabies includes four stages:
Prodromal stage
In stage prodomal pain arising in patients with atypical, resemble viral infections in general, which include fever, difficulty eating into the extent anorexia, headache and dizziness (nausea), and so forth.
Stadium sensory
In the sensory-stage patients will generally experience pain at the bite area, heat, nervousness, confusion, came out a lot of salivation (hypersalivation), dilated pupils, hyperhidrosis, hiperlakrimasi.
Stadium excitation
At the excitation stage the patient became restless, easily startled, convulsions every external stimuli resulting in a fear of air (aerofobia), fear of light (photophobia), and the fear of water (hidrofobia). Seizures occur due to disturbance of the brain regions that regulate the process of swallowing and breathing. Hidrofobia that occurs in people with rabies is mainly due to the incredible pain at times tried to swallow water
Paralytic stage
In the paralytic stage after the third through the previous stage, the patient entered the paralytic stage shows signs of paralysis of the upper body down progressive.
Because the duration of the spread of disease that is fast enough then it is generally the fourth stage of the above can not be distinguished clearly. The symptoms are evident in patients in whom the pain at the bite wound and fear of water, air, and light, and loud noises. While on an infected animal, which appears is gelaja from benign to malignant, pets become wild and forgotten the way home, and the tail is curved in the lower abdomen.
Diagnosis
If someone is bitten by an animal, the animal that bit should be supervised. The only test that produces 100% accuracy for the presence of rabies virus is by direct fluorescence antibody test (direct fluorescent antibody test / DFAT) in brain tissue of infected animals. This test has been used for more than 40 years and used as the standard in the diagnosis of rabies. The principle is the bond between rabies antigen and specific antibodies that have been labeled with a fluorescent compound that will fluoresce so as to facilitate detection. However, the drawback is the test subject should first put to sleep (euthanasia) so it can not be used on humans. However, a similar test can still be performed using serum, spinal fluid, or saliva, although the patient did not give 100% accuracy. In addition, the diagnosis can also be done with the neck skin biopsy or corneal epithelial cells, although the results are not very precise so that later will be returned after the post mortem diagnosis of infected animals or humans died.
how to deal with rabies
When infected with rabies, seek immediate medical help. Rabies can be treated, but it should be done as early as possible before it infects the brain and cause symptoms. When symptoms begin to appear, there is no treatment to cure this disease. Death usually occurs several days after the occurrence
The first symptoms.
In case of bites by rabid animals suspected of being infected or potentially rabies (dogs, skunks, raccoons, foxes, bats) immediately wash the wound with soap or other fat solvents under running water for 10-15 minutes and give a 70% alcohol or an antiseptic betadin . People who have not been immunized during the last 10 years will be given a tetanus shot. People who have never received rabies vaccine will be given an injection of rabies immune globulin in combination with vaccines. Half of the dose injected in place of the bite and the other half was injected into the muscles, usually in the waist area. In a period of 28 days given 5 injections. The first injection to determine the risk of rabies virus due to bite marks. The remaining injections given on days 3, 7, 14, and 28. It sometimes happens pain, redness, swelling, or itching at the site of vaccine injection.
how mencegahan hydrophobia
Prevention of rabies in humans must be done as soon as possible after a bite by a potentially rabid animal, because if not lethal (lethal)
Steps to prevent rabies virus can be taken before or shortly after exposure to bites For example, vaccination can be administered hello to people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, namely:
-Veterinarians.
-Officers laboratories that handle infected animals.
-The people who settled or lived more than 30 days in an area that rabies in dogs found
The bat-cave explorers.
Vaccination should ideally be able to provide lifetime protection. But over time antibody levels will decrease, so that people at high risk should get a booster dose of rabies vaccination every 3 years. The importance of rabies vaccinations to pets such as dogs is also one way of prevention that must be considered.
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